{"id":5367,"date":"2026-02-20T15:48:27","date_gmt":"2026-02-20T14:48:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cubescircle.de\/?post_type=organism&#038;p=5367"},"modified":"2026-02-24T11:16:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-24T10:16:24","slug":"lima-bean-podborer","status":"publish","type":"organism","link":"https:\/\/cubescircle.de\/en\/organism\/lima-bean-podborer","title":{"rendered":"Lima Bean Podborer"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":5378,"template":"","class_list":["post-5367","organism","type-organism","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"common_name":"Lima Bean Podborer","scientific_name":"Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke)","taxonomy":{"order":"Lepidoptera","family":"Pyralidae","genus":"Etiella","species":"zinckenella"},"overview":"<p data-start=\"291\" data-end=\"507\">The lima bean podborer is a cosmopolitan pest of legumes that primarily attacks crops during the fruiting stage. Larvae bore into pods and feed on developing seeds, where they are protected from contact insecticides.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"509\" data-end=\"592\">Its concealed feeding habit and wide host range make effective control challenging.<\/p>","at_a_glance":{"host_plants":"Cowpea, pigeon pea, common bean, mung bean, soybean","where_you_see_it":"Inside pods; webbing on pod surface","seasonality":"Most damaging during flowering and pod formation","typical_damage":"Bored pods, seed destruction, blossom drop"},"difficulty":"high: High","virus_risk":"none","sections":{"identification":"<p data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"967\">Adults<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1068\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1046\">\r\n<p data-start=\"970\" data-end=\"1046\">Brown-grey moth with a white stripe along the leading edge of the forewing<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1047\" data-end=\"1068\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1049\" data-end=\"1068\">Wingspan 19\u201327 mm<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1076\">Eggs<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"1077\" data-end=\"1170\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1077\" data-end=\"1130\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1130\">Laid singly or in small batches on pods or leaves<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1131\" data-end=\"1170\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1133\" data-end=\"1170\">White, turning pink before hatching<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1172\" data-end=\"1180\">Larvae<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"1181\" data-end=\"1300\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1181\" data-end=\"1197\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1183\" data-end=\"1197\">Five instars<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1198\" data-end=\"1265\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1200\" data-end=\"1265\">First instar about 1 mm long with yellowish body and black head<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1300\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1268\" data-end=\"1300\">Mature larvae up to 15 mm long<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1302\" data-end=\"1313\">Key Clues<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"1314\" data-end=\"1405\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1314\" data-end=\"1339\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1316\" data-end=\"1339\">Small webbing on pods<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1367\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1367\">Entry holes in pod wall<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1405\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1370\" data-end=\"1405\">Seeds hollowed or partially eaten<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","damage":"<p data-start=\"1425\" data-end=\"1520\">Larvae bore through the pod wall and feed on developing seeds, reducing yield and seed quality.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1522\" data-end=\"1568\">Blossoms may drop due to early larval feeding.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1570\" data-end=\"1647\">Multiple larvae may enter a pod, although cannibalism usually limits numbers.<\/p>","life_cycle":"<p data-start=\"1671\" data-end=\"1722\">Females lay up to 200 eggs on young pods or leaves.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1769\">Eggs hatch in 5\u20136 days under warm conditions.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1771\" data-end=\"1814\">Larval development lasts about three weeks.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"1865\">Mature larvae pupate in the soil inside a cocoon.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1867\" data-end=\"1922\">The pupal stage lasts 8\u201312 days before adult emergence.<\/p>","monitoring":"<p data-start=\"1946\" data-end=\"2010\">Use light traps or pheromone traps to monitor adult populations.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2012\" data-end=\"2053\">Inspect pods for webbing and entry holes.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2055\" data-end=\"2100\">Open suspect pods to confirm larval presence.<\/p>","management":"<p data-start=\"2124\" data-end=\"2209\">Cultural control: Remove and destroy infested pods and crop residues after harvest.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2211\" data-end=\"2303\">Chemical control: Apply insecticides targeting first instar larvae before they enter pods.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2305\" data-end=\"2430\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Systemic control: Systemic insecticides provide better control of larvae than contact products once penetration has occurred.<\/p>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cubescircle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/organisms\/5367","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cubescircle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/organisms"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cubescircle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/organism"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cubescircle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cubescircle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5367"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}